Metal Calculators

Formula and material references

Check what supports a calculation

The references identify where a formula, conversion, density value, or representative product example comes from. Open the original publication when its exact scope or revision matters to your work.

Formula and conversion references

Geometry formulas describe the selected stock shape, while recognized unit references support conversions between metric and US customary units. These references explain the calculation method; they do not certify the dimensions of a supplied item.

Material-density and example references

Density values come from standards bodies, recognized technical publications, or first-party manufacturer data where available. Product literature may also support a representative shape or dimension used in an example without implying current stock availability.

When supplier or project documents should take priority

  • Use the material certificate for heat- or lot-specific properties.
  • Use the applicable product standard and supplier data for tolerances and delivered dimensions.
  • Use measured weight when custody, lifting, freight, or settlement requires it.
  • Use project-approved values and procedures for final engineering decisions.

Calculation and density references

  1. The International System of Units (SI Brochure), 9th edition (Opens in a new tab)

    Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

    Used for
    Geometry or calculation formula
    Reference
    9th edition, updated 2026
    Checked

  2. NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix B.8 and footnotes (Opens in a new tab)

    National Institute of Standards and Technology

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    NIST Special Publication 811
    Checked

  3. Circumference, Area and Volume (Opens in a new tab)

    National Institute of Standards and Technology

    Used for
    Geometry or calculation formula
    Checked

  4. NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 8, Section 8.6.7 Mass density (Opens in a new tab)

    National Institute of Standards and Technology

    Used for
    Geometry or calculation formula
    Reference
    NIST Special Publication 811, section 8.6.7
    Checked

  5. Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges (Opens in a new tab)

    American Institute of Steel Construction

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    ANSI/AISC 303-22, section 9.2.1
    Checked

  6. Orange Book explanatory notes: dimensions of cold formed sections (Opens in a new tab)

    ArcelorMittal

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Section 2.1 Mass
    Checked

  7. Aluminum Design Manual 2020, Errata No. 2 (Opens in a new tab)

    The Aluminum Association

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Section 8.2 Calculation of Weights
    Checked

  8. Teal Sheets: Calculated Nominal Densities for Active Wrought Aluminum and Wrought Aluminum Alloys (Opens in a new tab)

    The Aluminum Association

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    December 2025, printed pages 19-24
    Checked

  9. Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel (Opens in a new tab)

    ASTM International

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    ASTM A36/A36M-19, section 1.1 scope
    Checked

  10. Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless (Opens in a new tab)

    ASTM International

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    ASTM A53/A53M-24, sections 1.1-1.3 scope
    Checked

  11. Safety Data Sheet: ASTM A53 (Opens in a new tab)

    Nucor Tubular Products

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    ASTM A53 Safety Data Sheet, section 9, page 4
    Checked

  12. Mechanical Seamless Tubings for Automobile Structural Uses (Opens in a new tab)

    Nippon Steel Corporation

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Dimensions, mass, and cross-section performance, printed page 18
    Checked

  13. AISI 1018 Mild/Low Carbon Steel (Opens in a new tab)

    Ellwood Specialty Metals - USA

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Physical Properties table, page 1
    Checked

  14. AISI 4140 (UNS G41400) Steel Alloy Technical Data Sheet (Opens in a new tab)

    Double Eagle Alloys, Inc.

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Physical Properties table
    Checked

  15. ATI 302, ATI 304, ATI 304L, ATI 305 Technical Data Sheet (Opens in a new tab)

    ATI

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Specifications and Certificates, page 2; Physical Properties, page 3
    Checked

  16. ATI 316, ATI 316L, ATI 317, ATI 317L Technical Data Sheet (Opens in a new tab)

    ATI

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Version 1, April 18, 2012; Specifications and Certificates, page 3; Physical Properties, page 7 (8.027 g/cm3)
    Checked

  17. C11000 Alloy Physical Properties (Opens in a new tab)

    Copper Development Association Inc.

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Physical Properties, density at 68 degrees Fahrenheit
    Checked

  18. C36000 Alloy Physical Properties (Opens in a new tab)

    Copper Development Association Inc.

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Physical Properties, density at 68 degrees Fahrenheit
    Checked

  19. C93200 Alloy Physical Properties (Opens in a new tab)

    Copper Development Association Inc.

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Physical Properties, density at 68 degrees Fahrenheit
    Checked

  20. Bronze Plate Rectangles: C93200 ASTM B505 (Opens in a new tab)

    Wieland Concast

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    C93200 ASTM B505 rectangles and bronze plate inventory
    Checked

  21. ATI CP Grade 2 (ATI 40, UNS R50400) Titanium (Opens in a new tab)

    ATI Inc.

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Bar and billet density table
    Checked

  22. INCONEL Alloy 625 Technical Bulletin (Opens in a new tab)

    Special Metals Corporation

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Table 2 Physical Constants, page 2
    Checked

  23. SAF 2205 seamless tube and pipe material datasheet (Opens in a new tab)

    Alleima

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    Updated 2026-02-11 17:54; Physical properties (density), Standards and Forms of supply sections
    Checked

  24. INCONEL Alloy 600 Technical Bulletin (Opens in a new tab)

    Special Metals Corporation

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    SMC-027, September 2008; Table 2 Physical Constants, page 1; Available Products and Specifications, page 15
    Checked

  25. INCOLOY Alloy 825 Technical Bulletin (Opens in a new tab)

    Special Metals Corporation

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    SMC-030, September 2004; Table 2 Physical Constants, page 1; Available Products and Specifications, page 3
    Checked

  26. HASTELLOY C-276 Alloy Technical Brochure (Opens in a new tab)

    Haynes International

    Used for
    Material density
    Reference
    H-2002H, copyright 2023; Principal Features/product forms, PDF page 1; Physical Properties, PDF page 13 (RT = room temperature)
    Checked

Material and example references

  1. NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 8 — Mass Density (Opens in a new tab)

    National Institute of Standards and Technology

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  2. NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix B — Conversion Factors (Opens in a new tab)

    National Institute of Standards and Technology

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  3. Teal Sheets — Calculated Nominal Densities for Active Wrought Aluminum Alloys (Opens in a new tab)

    The Aluminum Association

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  4. Environmental Product Declaration for Aluminum Plate and Sheet (Opens in a new tab)

    The Aluminum Association

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  5. Stainless Steel Tables of Technical Properties (Opens in a new tab)

    worldstainless

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  6. Standard Pipe Schedule 40 — ASTM A53 Grades A and B (Opens in a new tab)

    Wheatland Tube

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  7. Atlas HSS Section Properties — ASTM A500 Squares (Opens in a new tab)

    Atlas Tube

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  8. Steel HSS Product Range and Availability Resources (Opens in a new tab)

    Atlas Tube

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  9. Steel Plate Products and Mill Capabilities (Opens in a new tab)

    Nucor Corporation

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  10. Cold-Finished Steel Bar Products (Opens in a new tab)

    Nucor Corporation

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  11. Novelis Aerospace Aluminum Sheet and Plate Capabilities (Opens in a new tab)

    Novelis Inc.

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  12. Novelis HRC73A Product Data Sheet (Opens in a new tab)

    Novelis Deutschland GmbH

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  13. Copper Alloy Database (Opens in a new tab)

    Copper Development Association Inc.

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  14. ATI 40 CP Grade 2 Titanium (Opens in a new tab)

    ATI Inc.

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked

  15. Properties of Some Metals and Alloys (Opens in a new tab)

    Nickel Institute

    Used for
    Material property, product dimension, or example
    Checked